阿根廷廢除死刑Argentina abolishes the death penalty

2008-09-12 Amnesty International

阿根廷最近批准了兩份人權相關協議書，明確的支持阿根廷廢除死刑制度。阿根廷成為泛美地區第六個批准所有人權相關文書協議的國家。

Two recent ratifications by Argentina unequivocally support its recent abolition of the death penalty. This latest initiative paves the way for other countries to follow suit, and makes Argentina the sixth country to ratify all the human rights instruments of the inter-American system.
2008年9月2日，阿根廷批准國際公民與政治權利公約第二項任擇協議書的廢除死刑目標。
阿根廷政府隨後在9月5日批准了美洲人權公約廢除死刑議定書，成為第十個簽署此協議國家。以上兩則批准協議皆未附帶保留條件。
阿根廷參議院繼一個月前(8月7日)廢除了1951軍事司法, 有了這樣一個具指標性意義的進展。這樣的進展使得所有的犯罪行為-包含那些在軍事武裝情況下的犯罪行為，或是軍人在平常情況下犯罪-將不以死刑做處分。這個進展同時也廢除了司法體系中的軍事法院。
過去幾個月中，阿根廷政府採取的措施表明了其貫徹廢除死刑的國際承諾。同時他也回應了美洲國家組織秘書長José Miguel Insulza的呼籲，Jose期盼其他國家也能隨阿根廷的決定，讓死刑制度在美洲地區能銷聲匿跡。目前在美洲地區，只有美國、瓜地馬拉、以及一些加勒比海國家仍保有死刑制度。
國際特赦組織美洲地區秘書長Susan Lee表示：「簽署了泛美地區所有人權相關的文書協議是一個很正面且重要的進展，但是簽署的國家必須以實際的行動履行承諾。」

On 2 September 2008, Argentina ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights aimed at the abolition of the death penalty.

This was followed by the government's ratification of the Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty, on 5 September 2008, making Argentina the tenth country to ratify. Both of these instruments were ratified without reservations.

These significant developments come only a month after the Argentine Senate unanimously approved the law repealing the 1951 Military Code of Justice, on 7 August. This move abolishes the death penalty for all crimes including those committed in times of armed conflict or in peace time by members of the armed forces, and deposes the military courts of justice.

Initiatives taken by the government of Argentina over the past month illustrate their international commitment to the abolition of capital punishment. Furthermore, it supports the call made by the Organization of American State's (OAS) Secretary General, José Miguel Insulza, for other countries to follow Argentina's example and put an end to the death penalty in the Americas. In the region, only the USA, Guatemala and several Caribbean countries retain the death penalty.

"To have ratified all of the important human rights instruments of the inter-American system is a very positive development, but must be followed through by their full implementation", said Susan Lee, Americas Director at Amnesty International.

背景資料：
2008年9月10日為止，世界上已有137個國家在法律上或執行上廢除死刑。
這個朝向死刑廢除的全球趨勢是在2007年12月18日在聯合國大會上通過的62/149號決議案-暫停處決得到認可。
國際公民與政治權利公約第二項任擇協議書於1989年在聯合國大會上通過。美洲人權公約廢除死刑議定書於1990年在美洲國家組織大會上通過。
以上兩項人權相關的公約文書可以由國家或是與之相關的機構批准通過，但若該國家在批准協議書時有作保留之聲明，該國於戰爭時期仍被允許執行死刑。
阿根廷無保留條件的批准了這兩樣公約，軍事法的廢除表示了死刑的執行不會因為戰爭情況而被允許。
已批准泛美人權相關公約文書的國家還有哥斯大黎加、厄瓜多、墨西哥、巴拿馬、巴拉圭和烏拉圭。阿根廷最後一次執行死刑是在1916年。

Background information:
As of 10 September 2008, 137 countries in the world have abolished the death penalty in law or practice.

This global trend towards abolition was recognized by the adoption of Resolution 62/149 calling for a moratorium on executions by the UN General Assembly on 18 December 2007.

The Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1989. The Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty was adopted by the General Assembly of the Organization of American States in 1990.

Both can be ratified by any state party to the relevant instruments, and provide for the total abolition of the death penalty but allow state parties to retain the death penalty in time of war if they make a reservation to that effect at the time of ratifying or acceding the Protocol.

Argentina ratified both of these Protocols without any reservations, since the repeal of the Military Code of Justice abolished provisions for the use of death penalty in such instances.

Other countries to have ratified all the human rights instruments of the Inter-American system are Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay and Uruguay.

The last execution took place in Argentina in 1916.